Patterson, Orlando (1982- reprinted 2018 with new preface) Slavery and Social Death. A Comparative Study. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: Harvard University Press.

Black, Jeremy (2011) Slavery. A New Global History. London: Robinson, imprint of Hachette & Philadelphia PA.

Clarke, Duncan (1999) Slaves and Slavery. London: Grange Books.

Davis, R. (2003) Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800. London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Walwin, James (1996) Questioning Slavery. London: & New York:  Routledge.